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Men and women are different, Males are physically stronger, but have less endurance then women (Provided similar training which is rarely the case, thus males long distance running still exceeds women's long distance running, but the curve that both are on as to increase speeds show women should pass men in long distance races sometime in the next 20 years, this is do to top runners tend to get the best training but women's training is still not yet up to males training level).
Other differences exist, males lower voices are harder to locate and can travel further then women's high pitch voices (Children also have high pitch voices, for apparently the same reason, easier to locate by their parents). Males center of Gravity is the middle of their Chest, a Woman's center of gravity is center around the single most powerful muscle in the Human body, the muscle used to push out the baby during child birth). Men's hands tend to be twice the mass as a female's hand (area wise only about 1/3 bigger but in cubic size double).
Intellectual differs are also noted but it is harder to say their are innate or cultural derived. For example men tend to have a better sense of direction, but is this innate or the product of being permitted to travel alone or as a leader of other children? The latter would be a result of Cultural basis (I mention this for men consistently do better on the issue of direction then women, but a study of London Cab drivers brain of about 10 years ago show that such cabbies, all males, had a larger then normal area of their brain that is tied in with direction, such cabbies constantly used that part of the brain to go to various locations in London, the constant use meant such people developed that part of the brain more then the average person. Women could be suffering from the same developmental fact, since most times their father, brother, boyfriend or husband drives the car, women do not use that part of the brain and thus it is NOT as developed as the males brain the women go out with. This would be a cultural difference, but a difference none the less).
Traditionally males have been viewed as having a better sense of direction and math skills then women. The London Cabbie study (Done by autopsies of the cabbies as their died of old age) indicate a sense of direction is more a product of using direction as opposes to be innate. Males superiority in math seems to be similar, women do as while in math as do males till puberty, then fall behind (If permitted by their teachers) and never catch up that two years of lost math training (Those women who are NOT permitted to drop their math skills at puberty, do as while in math as males during and after that time, just like their did BEFORE puberty).
Now when I was in law school (late 1980s) a study was done and it was shown even female professors who made an effort to call on females, called on males more then females (as did male professors, they tended to call on Males more then Females). It seems to be innate. No one could determine why people call on males more then females. Now other studies that concentrated just on males may show WHY. Studies on hiring employees indicate people (Both male and female) tend to place higher value the taller the candidate is. If you are fat or suffer from a disability, this is held against you but the biggest strike against (or for) a candidate is his or her height. A further factor is size (NOT fat but Size) people with broader shoulders tend to be called on more then people with smaller body builds. Note this study was among MALE CANDIDATES for the job so sex was NOT a factor EXCEPT when it comes to the issue of being tall and broad. Women lose out in both those categories to males. The deep voice carry further. People tend to place unstated value on these three characteristics (Unstated in the sense the people studied all denied it, some even tried to make it a non-issue but all of them favored taller larger males over anyone smaller and thiner).
Given the above, most men do NOT have to be as good as a Woman, they will get hired over a woman unless she is clearly superior (Not marginally, but clearly i.e Male is a D student, Woman is a A student, man still has a shot at the job).
AS to the distraction of women in the same class room, the studies show no difference between pre-puberty and post puberty class participation. Males and Females, pre-puberty, are more often in two rival camps even in the same school, the rival camps do not dissolved till puberty sets in and even then survives to a certain degree, especially among males. The reason I bring this up is the distraction of sex is NOT a factor pre-puberty and post puberty is more an excuse then a reason (If it was true, males test scores should decline when puberty sets in for women would then be a distraction, but only women's math scores decline and that appears more cultural then innate).
I bring this up for the reason for the difference may not be anything innate but that we are using a standard that favors one sex over another. I once watch a documentary showing the difference between males and females, one of the thing that different men and women is how both sexes attack problems. Males tend to rely and use their greater physical strength, women tend to use their lower center of gravity and smaller hands. Men tend to walk away and look at something and try to figure out the best way to use their strength to solve the problem. Women tend to pick away at the problem till it is solved (This has come out in Computer programing, males tend to walk away and look at the big picture, women hammer away at the problem till it is solved, till the late 1990s the male handling of most computer problem was the quicker solution, but since that time most computer programs have become so complex you can no longer see the whole thing even as a concept, thus the female way of handling problems have some out on top at the present time).
One of the problems with Schools is often the "Big Picture" is to big for anyone to see, and thus men's strength as seeing the "big picture" is no longer an asset. On the other hand woman's ability to keep at something till the problem is solved is a big asset in many advance education program (This was known by 1900, but while you had a larger percentage of women going to Collage in 1900 then you did in 1950, men were able to used that education to obtain a better job more then the women could do so in 1900 and even more so by 1950). Again the difference was the ability to work as a member of a team, men tend to do that better then women (Which may be cultural for I have worked with women moving heavy objects, if the woman had experience with moving heavy objects, like tables etc, I had no problem with them, if the woman had NEVER had such experience then she tended NOT to be able to work with me in moving the object, again more a produce of Culture then anything innate but the tendency of women to commit themselves to their mate NOT their team I have seen, males tend to balance between mate and team much more then women do but again more a product of Culture than anything innate).
Now, I bring up the tendency of "Team" as oppose to "Pair" for women tend to "pair" with a man, while men tend to "team" up with other males. In School "teams", when it comes to testing, are either not allowed (viewed as "Cheating") or otherwise discouraged. "Pairs" tend to be two people who compliment each other, thus rarely work as a "Team" (Except when the complimentary strengths make such a pair-team the best way to handle a problem). Given that a Pair needs two people who have different strengths, each can train and be tested as an individual. Given this situation Women are bound to do better then Men, for Women are NOT "team" players like men but part of a pair (with a Man). Schools tend to favor Individuals over "teams" (and even "pairs") but "pairs" (as defined herein) tend to mimic individuals much better then "teams". Thus the strength of women, the ability to constantly pick at a problem, to operate alone (Their "mate" may be elsewhere) even their lower center of gravity and smaller hands all help them better mimic an individual that Schools (In theory) want to educate. Thus women do better for the system is geared in favor of women.
Now, most of the time, systems are geared in favor of males, for example one police department had a test requiring police cadets to haul a male officer 50 feet. Most Men (not all) could do that, most woman could NOT (Lack of upper body strength). Asked when was the last time such an action was called for, no one could give a date for that police Department or any other police department. It was simply a way to make women NOT eligible to be a police officer by using a male standard of strength. The fact that women tend to be viewed as less confrontational then men were ignored for that would favor women, that police test was to favor males. No one is stupid enough today to insist that you have to stand up to piss to being hired (That is clearly a pro-male ruling) but as you can see from above you do NOT have to go that far, just pick a standard that favors males (Or if you want to favor women, a standard that favors women). Almost all of the time the standard picked is a male standard, talk is given to equal rights and equal opportunity, but the Rights and opportunity is based on MALES Standards. In the case of Schools these standards are under strain, women are no longer dropping out after High School to have Children, women are going to high school and collage and in areas where team work or strength is NOT a factor males are losing out to females.
One final note, in the above I mention "teams" and "pairs" I do NOT mean to say or imply women can NOT work as a member of a "team", just that most women never developed that ability (Little leagues only started to take in girls in the 1980s, baseball is a "team" sport and women have done well in it except when it comes to body strength as shown in how while girls are doing in Little League until the time boys get their growth spurt). What I am saying is women tend to go with a pair bonding while males tend to balance between the two. Males want a mate AND be a member of a team. Women want a mate AND to take care of her Children. Males want children, but children tend to be below membership in a team AND their mate. Women want to be a member of a team, but it is third string after their children and their mate. I am talking tendency NOT absolutes thus exceptions to the above are NOT uncommon, but the trend is to the above.
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