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"re- Gaza, how much control do Palestinian authorities really have over whoever's been firing rockets at Israel?"
Could be anywhere from "total" to "none" depending on who's actually firing the rockets. Hamas, which is currently in control of Gaza, has shown a history for both firing rockets themselves and for casually harboring other people who do. Odds are that they've probably tacitly sanctioned a certain amount of harassment. Of course, as in any government, it doesn't necessarily operate as one coherent entity. Say, some guys in one part of the security forces could be launching rockets, and others somewhere else might be totally unaware that they're doing it.
"How many Israelis have died in those rocket attacks?"
In the current round, none. Some have died in previous rounds of rocket attacks, such as up to 43 dead in the large sustained barrage launched from southern Lebanon in 2006 during the Israeli invasion there.
"What proportion of Palestinians have any connection to those involved in those rocket attacks?"
A small subset of the even smaller subset that has any degree of political power. It's like asking what proportion of Americans have any connection to, say, bombing Iraq. You may know somebody who knows somebody, but then you might not.
"What right do Israelis have to blockade the Palestinians in Gaza?"
Gaza isn't a recognized country, so in effect you can't really have an act of war against them (which a blockade constitutes). In that case, you can pretty much do anything to them that doesn't provoke another country.
"How many Palestinians have died as a result of that blockade (starvation, lack of medical treatment, etc.)?"
Nobody knows. The same conditions that create the situation make it difficult bordering on impossible to produce an accurate picture. However, there's a small breach in the border wall on the Egypt side, so some amount of food and medicine can make it in if people are willing to go to Egypt to get it. The UN estimated that half of the 1.5 million people in Gaza made the trip to Egypt when the breach first opened. That should give you some impression of the situation.
"But frankly, my general impression is that during the last decade or two, the Israelis have been more successful as aggressors than have their enemies,"
Longer than that, even. The only substantial reverse the Israelis have suffered on the battlefield was the Yom Kippur War, a failure which was in many ways the fault of Israeli intelligence. Distracted by foreign operations and assassinations in the wake of the Munich bombing, they missed the preparations by Egypt and Syria.
"and I think they are effectively occupying more territory than they were originally given?"
If you're referring to the UN partition plan, yes. The original plan was for a Jewish state and an Arab state, each covering the areas of highest concentration. Currently the Israelis occupy all the land that was alloted to them and about half of the land that was slated for the Palestinian state, not counting the West Bank and Gaza.
"And let's face it, even the original territory was originally wrested from other peoples in possession, no?"
Well, yes. David Ben-Gurion said it pretty well:
Why should the Arabs make peace? If I was an Arab leader, I would never make terms with Israel. That is natural: we have taken their country. Sure, God promised it to us, but what does that matter to them? Our God is not theirs, we come from Israel, it’s true, but 2,000 years ago, and what is that to them?
There has been anti-Semitism, the Nazis, Hitler, Auschwitz, but was that their fault? They only see one thing: we came here and stole their country. Why should they accept that?
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While the Israeli population sources from all over the place, the original impetus was primarily immigrants from Europe who came there with the specific purpose of colonizing the area.
"Should they more appropriately have been given the pre- WWI territory of Germany?"
I think the Germans would have had issues with that. Flip it around: since the US has destroyed Iraq and killed north of a million Iraqis, shouldn't we give the Iraqis our country in payment? Once you start down the road of collective guilt and collective punishment, how far are you from "This entire group of people is a problem and needs to be gotten rid of"?
"Esp. this obsession with particular locations. How can anyone imagine a decent god cares more about recapturing a particular geographical point, than in not obeying what must surely be a v. impt. command by any decent god, Thou Shalt Not Kill."
Sure. But once you introduce logic to this situation, it all breaks down.
To be honest, religion has a lot less to do with it than you might think: in many ways the Israeli/Arab/Palestinian thing boils down to accumulated hatred and people lost in their own subjectivity. Both sides see themselves as the victim, forced to do what they do out of neccessity, and the other guy as an evil caricature who does the heinous because they enjoy it.
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