have done more for America than just get her involved in wars that never should have been. The leaded gasoline in the seventies deposited lead in the inner cities at levels the EPA would fall out over. The soil in many gardens in Baltimore MD had levels dozens of times higher than the EPA would class as "burnable" or earth to be hauled away due to its toxicity.
1: Pediatrics. 2004 Apr;113(4 Suppl):1016-22.Click here to read Links
Lead.
* Bellinger DC.
Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
[email protected] Children differ from adults in the relative importance of lead sources and pathways, lead metabolism, and the toxicities expressed. The central nervous system effects of lead on children seem not to be reversible. Periods of enhanced vulnerability within childhood have not consistently been identified. The period of greatest vulnerability might be endpoint specific, perhaps accounting for the failure to identify a coherent "behavioral signature" for lead toxicity. The bases for the substantial individual variability in vulnerability to lead are uncertain, although they might include genetic polymorphisms and contextual factors. The current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention screening guideline of 10 micro g/dL is a risk management tool and should not be interpreted as a threshold for toxicity. No threshold has been identified, and some data are consistent with effects well below 10. Historically, most studies have concentrated on neurocognitive effects of lead, but higher exposures have recently been associated with morbidities such as antisocial behavior and delinquency. Studies of lead toxicity in experimental animal models are critical to the interpretation of nonexperimental human studies, particularly in addressing the likelihood that associations observed in the latter studies can be attributed to residual confounding. Animal models are also helpful in investigating the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of the functional deficits observed in lead-exposed humans. Studies of adults who have been exposed to lead are of limited use in understanding childhood lead toxicity because developmental and acquired lead exposure differ in terms of the maturity of the organs affected, the presumed mechanisms of toxicity, and the forms in which toxicities are expressed.
PMID: 15060194
Young brains on lead: adult neurological consequences?
* Pabello NG,
* Bolivar VJ.
Wadsworth Center, Molecular Medicine, Albany, New York 12201, USA.
PMID: 16044537
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