http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/women/html/wh_027600_nuns.htmBy the mid-twentieth century nuns' relative degree of autonomy and professional satisfaction began to fade. The United States was no longer a mission country and the Catholic Church was institutionalized and increasingly mainstream. A watershed for nuns' renewal and rebellion was the Second Vatican Council (1962-65), the century's major gathering of Roman Catholic bishops with the pope. Among other decisions the council told congregations to experiment with (and request Vatican approval for) modernizing their constitutions.
The personal and communal renewal unleashed by Vatican II far exceeded Rome's intent. Starting with abolishing regimented bedtimes and mail censorship, congregations began to question the church's very patriarchy, from wearing habits to the meaning of the obedience vow. By 1982 one-third of sisters no longer wore the habit and many moved out of convents. Professionally, they branched out from the classroom and became involved in everything from college administration to radical antipoverty and social justice work. As they left the convent, more sisters talked explicitly about their own sexuality for the first time; in 1985, two former nuns published Lesbian Nuns: Breaking Silence. Many nuns rejected the idea of subservience to a male hierarchy, reinterpreting their vows as a commitment to the work of God.
Some sisters challenged Vatican authority by supporting the legality of abortion. During the 1980s the National Coalition of American Nuns and the National Assembly of Religious Women opposed efforts to outlaw abortion. In 1983 the Vatican hierarchy drove from her order Sister Agnes Mary Mansour, director of social services for the state of Michigan, because the agency funded abortions. In 1984 two dozen nuns signed a New York Times ad declaring that the Church contains a diversity of legitimate opinions on abortion. The Vatican responded with protracted threats and negotiations, attempting unsuccessfully to silence the signers. Many of the signers continue to speak out on the abortion issue.
The population of U.S. nuns has declined sharply. By 1987 their average age was sixty-two. Even as their numbers dwindle, nuns pose a huge financial challenge to a Church that, in exchange for their virtually free labor, implicitly agreed to support them as they aged. Church authorities estimate that they must raise several billion dollars to support nuns in or approaching retirement.