Reply #154: Maybe fundies think they can stop truth, but that does not mean we

[whistle]

...must let them:
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A Quick Look at Grand Canyon

The Geologic Story at Grand Canyon

Grand Canyon attracts the attention of the world for many reasons, but perhaps its greatest significance lies in the geologic record preserved and exposed here. The rocks at Grand Canyon are not inherently unique. Similar rocks are found throughout the world. What is unique about the geologic record at Grand Canyon is the variety of rocks present, the clarity with which they are exposed, and the complex geologic story they tell.

Two separate geologic stories exist at Grand Canyon. The older story is the one revealed in the thick sequence of rocks exposed in the walls of the canyon. These rocks provide a remarkable record of the Paleozoic Era (550-250 million years ago). Scattered remnants of Precambrian rocks as old as 2000 million years can also be found at the bottom of the canyon. The story these rocks tell is far older than the canyon itself. Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks (250 million years old to the present) are largely missing at Grand Canyon. They have either been worn away or were never deposited.

<note: a cross section sketch of the Grand Canyon appears here>

The second geologic story at Grand Canyon concerns the origin of the canyon itself: when and how did it come to be? On one level the answer is simple: Grand Canyon is an erosional feature that owes its existence to the Colorado River. Of equal importance are the forces of erosion that have shaped and continue to shape the canyon today. These include running water from rain, snowmelt, and tributary streams which enter the canyon throughout its length. The climate at Grand Canyon is classified as semi-arid. The South Rim receives 15 inches/38 cm of precipitation each year. The bottom of the canyon receives 8 inches/20 cm. The rain comes suddenly in violent storms, particularly in the late summer of each year. The power of erosion is therefore more evident here than in other places which receive more rain.

Grand Canyon owes its distinctive shape to the different rock layers in the canyon walls. Each responds to erosion in a different way: some form slopes, some form cliffs, some erode more quickly than others. The vivid colors of many of these layers are due mainly to small amounts of various minerals. Most contain iron, which imparts subtle shades of red, yellow, and green to the canyon walls. Climate plays an important role in the appearance of the canyon. If there was a higher amount of precipitation at Grand Canyon, the plants and trees that grow here would be very different. The canyon walls might be covered with lush vegetation, rather than the cacti and shrubs growing there today.

How old is the canyon itself? The early history and evolution of the Colorado River (of which Grand Canyon is only a part) is the most complex aspect of Grand Canyon geology. We know that the erosion which has shaped the canyon has occurred only in the past five to six million years. This is only yesterday, considering the age of the rocks through which the river has carved.

Grand Canyon continues to grow and change. As long as rain and snow continue to fall in northern Arizona, the forces of erosion will continue to shape Grand Canyon.

http://www.nps.gov/grca/grandcanyon/quicklook/Geologicstory.htm

http://www.edu-source.com/GCpages/CVOpage8.html

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.html

http://www.kaibab.org/geology/gc_geol.htm

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Layers of the Grand Canyon Lesson Plan
Overview:
After learning the basics of how the Grand Canyon was formed, students will investigate the canyon's layers and learn about the geologic time periods when they were deposited. They will conclude by writing newspaper articles from the perspective of scientists researching the canyon's layers. <MORE>

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/07/g912/canyon912.html

That this lesson plan and sit down and explain it to your children. Do not let the fundies control their minds any more. Impeach Bush/Cheney and the rest of the fascists in government for what they are doing to the future of our children, deliberately taking them into ignorance, want and poverty.