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I have read vast amount of history, not just American history. As to Canada, Canada has had a problem since the American Revolution. As the only part of British North America that England held onto in 1783 it had a troubled history of being separate from the US. this is complicated by the fact that while Montreal was under US occupation in 1775-1776 the US raised three regiments out of Canada, and these units continued to fight with the US Army till Yorktown (Through by that date the units had been combined into one regiment).
Now these were French Canadians serving in the US Army during the revolution. The French Canadians of the time period preferred to be ruled from Philadelphia than London but also had accepted that fact that North America was one country the geography (the great Lakes and the Mississippi river Valley) all prevents real natural borders. The Appalachians are to low to be a real border and the while the Rockies could be a border, the passes through those mountains have NOT been something the could act alone a border (unlike the Deserts of the American Southwest that tends to separate Mexico from the US).
As to "Canadian nationalism" the French Speaking Canada had the whole history of New France Era to fall back but English Speaking Canada had a problem. After the Revolution American Tories ended up in Canada but these tended to be the ruling class and large land owners not the run of the mill farmers. After the Revolution America went into its worse depression till the Great Depression of the 1930s. People lost homes and property. The Poor were told to go to the Frontier to get a new start. New England (Which the British concede at the Time of the Revolution was 90% for the Revolution) tended to head straight west. The British looking for Settlers in right is now Ontario offered free or low cost lands to anyone who wanted to Settle in Ontario no questions asked. A lot of new Englanders who had fought at Bunker Hill settled in Ontario and than keep quiet of which side they fought on in the Revolution (Remember while the farmers were New Englanders and thus opposed the king in 1775, the leadership of right in now Ontario had supported the King in 1775).
Thus the American Revolution can not be used to "unite" these two historical fractions in Canada. In the War of 1812 the US ended up invading Ontario. People forget the reason for the War of 1812 was NOT the seizures of American Seamen by British Warship (That was the excuse, New England OPPOSED the war of 1812 and it was providing the vast majority of American Seamen of the time period). The reason for the War, and the reason every Congressmen west of the Appalachians voted for the War was to kill Tecumseh. He had rallied the American Indians of right is now Ohio, Indians, Michigan and Illinois into a fairly strong Indians Confederacy. The Whites west of the Appalachians feared this Confederacy and demanded war to destroy it (and that meant killing Tecumseh).
The war did NOT start out right for the US, some attack on Canada was done but failed and worse the British forced the US out of Fort Detroit. This did not last long for while the Canadian Militia (made up of sons of people who fought at bunker Hill but lead by people who supported the Crown) could be used to impress the Americans as to the numbers on the Side of the British, in any actual fighting the Militia could not decide to fight for their king or their Country (and their viewed their Country as America not Canada). Thus when the US did invade Canada the US troops learned to ignored the Canadian Militia and concentrate on the Indians under Tecumseh and the British Regulars.
After the battle of Moravian-town (or the battle of the Thames both names are used) Tecumseh was dead and the reason for the War was over. Now the problem was Tecumseh was killed in the middle of an invasion that continued after his death. The tactical target had been right is now Toronto Canada but that had been the Tactical target not the strategic target of the war. i.e. invading Ontario and Toronto was a means to force Tecumseh to battle NOT a target in itself. The problem was the means was still going forward when the purpose of the means was gone.
They is some debate in American circles (and British war gamers who do this campaign) did an American Army reach Toronto? An American Army had defeated Tecumseh but with his death the purpose of that Army ended. The Commanders continued the Campaign but more and more of the American Militia left (Some left to visit relatives who were living in Ontario for New Englanders had also settled along the American side of the Great lakes in addition to Ontario. Other Militia just went home, they viewed their job as being done (This was the problem with Militia, once the main problem is no more they tend to break up back into the individuals the militia tended to be made up from).
Anyway the American Commanders did reach Toronto with what they called "Troops". The US invasion force had had very few Regulars in it in the first place and with the death of Tecumseh discipline over the Militia that made up most of the Invasion force had broken down completely (Thus the debate was it an army or an armed drunken mob). Anyway Toronto was burned (Probably in a drunken stupor of the troops) and than the Army went back home (With no records of the Army ever really crossing the border. The Few Regulars in the invasion force did cross back to the US but we have almost no records of how most of the Militiamen crossed back over.
Some Canadians have tried to used this invasion for some Canadian Nationalism but it tends to fail given the terrible showing of the Canadian militia (With the American Militia outdoing them only when it come sot Toronto).
Given the terrible record of the Canadian Militia during the War of 1812 London decided it needed to keep tight control over Canada. This policy continued (Even during the problems Canada had in the 1830s during the next bad depression in the US which spread to Canada). The next step in Canadian Independence is the American Civil War.
During the US Civil War England backed the American South. England not only provided Guns to the South, England provided ships and even some Volunteers for the South. On the other hand Canada seems to have backed the North in the Fight. Now once fighting started England decided it had to reform the Canadian Defense system in case England did join the South in the Civil War and the North would than invade Canada. Given the history of 1814 and the 1830s London did NOT trust the old fashioned universal militia Canada had used since 1814. London did two reforms, one in 1862 another in 1864, the purpose of both reforms was to convert the old fashion Militia into a modes Reserved Army system. The excuse given was to improve the training of the Militia (and to provide them pay) but the reason was to convert the Militia from a universal Militia that would reflect the attitude of the people of Canada to a Reserve System whose members are more loyal to their paymasters in London than Canada (Remember we are talking about 1860s).
Now American records report one set of numbers of Canadians that served in the US Army during the Civil war. Canadian historians tend to site much lower numbers (To keep the Numbers of Canadians in the US Army below the Number of Canadians in the Canadian Militia). this debate has raged on since the US Civil War, but the best arguments have been made by the British war gamers. British War Gamers tend to want very realistic situation in their War games. They do not want to hear what an Army might have been, or could have been, or even legally was, but what was the Army. These guys are fanatics on the subject of the armies their are war gaming. When the British War gamers look at the numbers they tend to accept the Canadians argument that the America's numbers are to precise for the time period to be accurate but than reject the Canadians numbers as to low. The British war gamers tend to the American Numbers, not always as high as the Americans claim but much higher than what Canadians tend to what to accept. Basically the British War Gamers after they look over the records and reports (Including British Army reports of the Time period on the Canadian Militia) believe more Canadians were serving with the Union Army between 1861 and 1865 than were active in the Canadian Militia during the same time period.
Thus Canada has found it uncomfortable to talk about the 1860s. Furthermore while Canada was given Dominion Status in 1867 that appears more to be London's acknowledgment that with the end of the US Civil War the US could take Canada anytime the US wanted it. London was looking for any method to tie Canada to London AND give the US NO reason to invade Canada. This was finalized in 1905 when Canada adopted the Dollar as its currency drooping the Pound sterling system (Prior to 1971 American and Canadian Dollars were interchangeable but kept on each side of the border, since 1971 the value has fluctuate).
My point of this long paper is to show that until WWI, Canada had a problem distinguishing itself from the America. It was a separate political entity, but not a separate Country. A Country is more than its government (Look at the Cold War East and West Germany, people on both sides of the Berlin war viewed themselves as one country but with two different Government, the same with Korea to this day). Thus Canada is America and has been since at least 1763 when Wolfe took Quebec.
On the other hand Canada has been an Independent Political entity for that entire period. Till WWI Canada was tied in with Britain but even London conceded the US could take Canada any time the US wanted to after 1865. Canada has to much shared history with the US to be a truly independent nation from the US, at the same time it is an independent political entity and as such entitled to all the respect an independent Country deserves.
WWI is the first time Canada fought alongside America in a War (As stated above Canadian have served in the US Army in every war since the Revolution). The same occurred in WWII and Korea (and 50,000 Canadians volunteer to Vietnam, about the same numbers of Americans who escaped the draft by going to Canada). Canadians have served in the US Military since Vietnam (My sister knew a Canadian who had served in the US Navy and only revealed he was a Canadian when he applied for the illegal alien amnesty of the 1970s). This pattern has continued to this day.
Please note the American South is a different animal than the rest of America and has been since Colonial Days. The Differences between Canada and the US excluding the South are almost impossible to find. The high Crime rate of the US is from the American South, The US crime rate Excluding the South, is almost the same as Canada or Europe. It is the South that you have the largest number of Religious fundamentalist. It is the south that under funds its Schools and Courts but back up the use of Military force (and it is the South that is most extreme on opposing Gun Control). What most liberals hate about America is mostly concentrated in the the American South and has been since colonial times. Why this is so has not been truly explored but seems to be tied in with Slavery (In Colonial and pre-Civil war Days) and race relations since the Civil war (Till WWII the vast majority of blacks still lived in the American South, in the same areas where their ancestors had been slaves). I bring up the American South in case you decide to reject what I wrote about Canada based on what I said in this Paragraph. The South is FAR more different from the rest of American, than the rest of America is different from Canada. The rest of America has to tolerate the South for the Mississippi River flows through the South connecting the American Mid-west with the rest of the World. Thus America has to include the South, with all of its faults.
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