Reply #122: Here.

[OneTenthofOnePercent]

Supreme Court: DC v. Heller makes a statement to the SCOTUS that shis the case: http://www.wagc.com/pdf/07-290bsacSoutheasternLegalFoundationInc.pdf
"the well-established fact that the great majority of times when a private citizen draws a gun on a criminal suspect, the very presence of the gun suffices to end hostilities with no shots fired." (bold emphasis is mine)

Kleck's own research estimates around 2.5 million "defensive gun uses" annually. http://www.guncite.com/gcwhoGK.html
And the Department of Justice study "Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms" estimates 1.5 million DGUs.

Seeing as how there are not hundreds of thousands of shot up criminals, and so many many missed shots as to account for the number of DGU's above would be improbable, the vast majority of defensive gun uses has been shown to occur with no shots fired.

As for "links" to the content in defensive carry classes... I cannot link to someone's real-life teaching in a classroom. I have personally sat through several courses and they're all pretty much the same. You'll have to sit in on a lecture or maybe aquire some teaching materials yourself.

And as about states requiring lethal force as a last measure, you would be searching for states which do not have or endorse what is known as "catle doctrine". Should be easy to google for if you have the time. I'm not going to sift through 50 sets of state laws.