Both the FBI and the 9/11 Commission claim that a document belonging to Lebanese “hijacker pilot” Ziad Jarrah was found at the alleged site of United 93's crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. For example, on page 173 of Terrorist Travel, the 9/11 Commission prints a copy and calls it a “Partly-burned copy of Ziad Jarrah's U.S. visa.”
Terrorist Travel link:
http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Monograph.pdfIt is assumed that this visa was in a Lebanese passport, for example, CNN says, “The FBI believes Jarrah, who held a Lebanese passport, was the hijacker-pilot of United Airlines Flight 93.”
http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/us/0205/intelligence.timeline/content.3b.htmlHowever, for some reason, neither the 9/11 Commission nor any other official body I can find makes this claim explicitly; Terrorist Travel merely refers to Jarrah as a “native of Lebanon” and having “Lebanese nationality” in the relevant passage (Terrorist Travel, p. 11). Although the 9/11 Commission does not specify on what sort of passports visas were issued to the hijackers, if they knew a visa had been issued to a hijacker on a passport not from his country of origin this would certainly have been worthy of note and we can assume it would have been mentioned. Therefore, I'm going to take the official account as saying it was in his Lebanese passport.
There are four problems with his:
(1) The photo in the Shanksville document is not of Jarrah;
(2) The Shanksville document is not Jarrah's US visa issued in Berlin on 25 May 2000;
(3) In fact, it's not any sort of US visa, it's a passport;
(4) But it's not a Lebanese passport, it's probably a German one.
In addition, (5) Atta may well have been travelling on a German passport too, possibly in addition to his other(s).
First, let's have a look at the documents. Here's the one from Shanksville:
A bigger version can be found in Terrorist Travel.
And here's a photocopy of his visa made by Jarrah's landlord, probably in late June 2001:
You can find a higher resolution version here (scroll down):
http://www.rcfp.org/moussaoui/And here's Atta's visa:
(1) The photo in the Shanksville document is not of Jarrah
Here's a standard photo of Jarrah:
Here's the one from the Shanksville document:
Here's another standard one:
The first and third are indisputably Ziad Jarrah. Here he is with his mum:
It seems to me that the person in the burned photo looks different to Jarrah, for example he has a “rounder” head. Nevertheless, the Shanksville document was clearly issued to alleged hijacker pilot Ziad Jarrah; on the top line of the machine-readable zone we can see his first name (Jarrah), last name (Ziad) and the first two letters of his middle name (Samir). On the bottom line we can see his passport number (1619505), his nationality (LBN – Lebanon), his date of birth (750511 – 11 May 1975) and his sex (M).
I have no idea why the guy in the photo is not Jarrah and I have no idea what it means, but it must mean something.
(2) The Shanksville document is not Jarrah's US visa issued in Berlin on 25 May 2000
There are three main reasons I think the Shanksville document is not Jarrah's US visa:
(a) Photos don't match
Compare the colour photo from the Shanksville document, which the 9/11 Commission claims is from his visa, with the black-and-white one in the photocopy, which clearly is from his visa. Are they the same? I'd say it's the same person (but not Jarrah), but it's not the same photo; in the black-and-white visa photo Jarrah is looking to his left, whereas in the Shanksville photo he's looking straight ahead.
(b) Missing wavy line
If you look at the top border of the black-and-white visa photocopy, you can see a wavy line, which is also present on Atta's visa. However, no such wavy border directly over the photo is visible on the Shanksville document.
(c) Wrong colour
The background of the Shanksville document is light blue; compare this to Atta's visa, issued in the same place, Berlin, seven days before Jarrah's visa was issued. There is some similar blue colouring in Atta's visa. However, if it were a visa, the Shanksville document should really also contain some purple and some red too.
(3) In fact, it's not any sort of US visa, it's a passport
(4) But it's not a Lebanese passport, it's probably a German one.
Obviously, there is a possibility that the Shanksville document could be something other than a US visa or a passport – for example it could be a visa for another country – but I'm going to set that possibility aside for now, because I think I have a neater explanation.
The obvious way to differentiate between a passport and a visa with a machine-readable zone is to look at the first letter of the zone, but, unfortunately, the Shanksville document is crumpled in such a way that we can't see the first letter of the machine-readable zone – it would either be a “P” indicating it was a passport, or a V, indicating it was a visa – so we're going to have to take a different approach.
Generally, a machine-readable zone on a travel document – visa or passport – gives both the nationality of the holder and the country of issue. If you look at your passport, you should see the three letters designating your nationality, for example “USA”, in the middle of the second line and three letters designating the issuing country near the start of the first line. If you have a foreign visa, the code for the issuing country on the first line should be different to the code for your nationality on the second line. This means that it should be easy to tell who issued the document to Jarrah simply by looking at the alpha-3 code on the first line (the third, fourth and fifth characters). The alpha-3 code for nationality on both the black-and-white visa and the Shanksville document is “LBN”, indicating that the document holder is from Lebanon, but the alpha-3 code on the first line is “XGE” on the visa and on the Shanksville document (although it is hard to read there). So which country is “XGE” and how could it issue a US visa – aren't they usually issued by the US? You can find a list of alpha-3 codes here:
http://www.highprogrammer.com/alan/numbers/mrp.htmlAs you can see from this list, the code “XGE” doesn't exist, the only codes beginning with X are:
XXA – stateless person
XXB – refugee under 1951 convention
XXC – refugee (non-convention)
XXX – unspecified / unknown
However, this may not mean that Jarrah's US visa was issued by a non-existent country, rather than the US. In the late 1990s and early 2000s it seems that, when issuing visas, on the first line of the machine-readable zone the US may have specified the alpha-3 code of the passport on which the visa was issued, rather than following the usual practice of specifying the issuing country, i.e. “USA”. For example, here's a sample visa issued to a Chinese in Shanghai, in December 1998:
The country code on the first line is “CHN”, not USA.
And here's a sample visa for a Japanese, issued in Tokyo in May 2001
The country code on the first line is “JPN”, not USA.
The US is finally doing it right now. Here's a visa with “USA” specified as the issuing country on the first line, it was issued to an Taiwanese in Taipei, in May 2003:
So, perhaps the problem is not that the visa was issued by an non-existent country, but that the passport in which it was stamped was issued by a non-existent country.
Don't worry, there's a better solution. Germany (like many other countries) issues aliens' passports, also known as foreigners' passports (Fremdenpass in German). Such passports are issued to non-nationals who have some connection with the issuing country, for example they have lived there for some time, as Jarrah and Atta lived in Germany. According to the State Department, to get a Fremdenpass in 2005 “The alien must hold an unlimited residence permit (umbefristete Aufenthaltsgenehmigung) or a so-called “Aufenthaltserlaubnis.” Possession of a limited residence permit is sufficient, if the alien is a family member of a German citizen, or if he/she is the spouse or minor child of an alien who holds an unlimited residence permit.” The rules were probably similar in 2000. Perhaps the rule about an alien with only a limited residence permit needing a family member better connected to Germany explains why Jarrah had the German work permit of his cousin, Assem Omar Jarrah, who lived in Germany for 19 years from 1982 to 2001; by the way, this permit was also found at Shanksville.
State Department link:
http://travel.state.gov/visa/reciprocity/Country%20Folder/G/Germany.htmAssem Jarrah link:
http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/Newsdesk.nsf/Lebanon/06802B1FBB8A8F3442256AFC003F2848?OpenDocumentIt seems to me that the alpha-3 designation “XGE” is quite logical for a foreigner's passport issued by Germany: “X” meaning the actual nationality is unspecified and “GE” meaning it was issued by Germany. Also, you might like to note the perforated number (1619505) on the page opposite Jarrah's visa – did the Lebanese consulate in Bonn really have a machine that did that in spring 2000? In addition, I found a Lebanese passport issued on 24 April 2001 with the number 1622263. If passports were numbered sequentially, this would indicate that only 2,758 passports were issued in the approximately 12-month period between Jarrah obtaining his and the date this passport was issued – not many for a country of four million. Further, some sites refer to Fremdenpasses as being “blue”, the same colour as the Shanksville document, although some sites only state that the cover was blue and don't mention the inner pages.
Other Lebanese passport link:
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8570.doc.htmBlue Fremdenpass link:
http://usembassy.state.gov/germany/visa/vwp.htmlAnd let's not forget that two people who actually saw the passport claimed it was German:
(a) One of his Florida landlords told the Palm Beach Post “He rented from April 23 to June 23, presenting a German passport and a student card from Hamburg as identification.” (no link because obtained through Lexis Nexis).
(b) Another Florida landlord, Charles Lisa, who made the black and white photocopy, said “Jarrahi and another hijacking suspect who shared the apartment, Ahmed Alhaznawi, both provided German passports as proof of identity.”
http://web.archive.org/web/20011019090410/www.miami.com/herald/special/news/worldtrade/digdocs/046328.htmIf Jarrah was travelling on a German passport, then why hasn't this been mentioned by the INS, FBI or 9/11 Commission? I'll offer two complimentary explanations.
(a) Here's an I-94 form:
There are fields for “country of citizenship” and “country where you live”, but no field for the country which issued the passport. It appears that the INS merely assumed that the country of citizenship was identical to the passport issuing country. Although this was correct in 99.9% of cases, it failed to take into account the fact of aliens' passports and meant that they were invisible to the system.
(b) I have a nasty feeling that some of the hijackers were under closer surveillance by intelligence agencies than has been admitted and that them having aliens' passports might give this away somehow – but that's just speculation, take it or leave it.
In addition, (5) Atta's may well have been travelling on a German passport too, possibly in addition to his other(s).
He has the same issuing country designation “XGE” in his visa as Jarrah, which, as I argued above, may well mean that it was issued on a German alien's passport; Atta lived in Germany for 7 years, from 1993 to 2000. In addition, in the case of Atta this might explain how he could be present officially but not physically in one country (Spain) and present physically but not officially in another country (Germany), which seems to have happened towards the middle of July 2001.
Conclusion: I'm pretty convinced the photos in the visa and the Shanksville document are not of Jarrah and that the Shanksville document is not the visa. Whether it really is a Fremdenpass remains to be seen, but it seems the most likely explanation at present.
Hat tip: PT, JD2