A Note on the Required Tax Rate in a National Retail Sales Tax: Preliminary Estimates for 2005-2014
The Brookings Institution, August 12, 2004
William G. Gale, Senior Fellow and Arjay and Frances Fearing Miller Chair, Economic Studies
http://www.brook.edu/views/papers/gale/20040812.htmThe main finding is that to replace the income tax on a revenue-neutral basis over the next 10 years would require a sales tax rate of more than 26 percent. To replace all federal taxes on a revenue-neutral basis over the next 10 years would require a sales tax rate of about 60 percent.
This estimate is predicated on several assumptions: (a) the intended statutory sales tax base would be a very broad measure of consumption; (b) about 20 percent of that base would be eroded due to avoidance, evasion, or legislative action (i.e., loopholes), and (c) the NRST would have a demogrant equal to the poverty threshold for each family times the sales tax rate.
Note also that the rates quoted are tax-exclusive tax rates: that is, they represent the rate at which items would be "marked up at the cash register." For example, if an item costs $100 before sales tax, and a $25 sales tax is added, the tax-exclusive tax rate is 25/100 = 25 percent. The same rate can also be quoted as a tax-inclusive rate of 20 percent, where the tax-inclusive tax rate is defined as the tax ($25) divided by the total cost to the consumer ($125).
Thus, to replace the income tax would require a 21 percent tax-inclusive rate and to replace all federal taxes would require about a 38 percent tax-inclusive rate.