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Soylent Green has three themes: overpopulation, corporate conspiracies, and the divide between the rich and poor.
In other words, it's your basic dystopian movie.
All three themes are interconnected in this one, so we've got to attack them en masse.
Soylent Green, the title substance of the film, is a food product that looks like a green Triscuit. This is what poor people eat. (Rich people eat the kind of food you and I eat in the present time.) The company that makes it, the Soylent Corporation, claims that it's made from plankton. In the beginning, it probably was. Unfortunately, the demand for the product caused Soylent to overfish, which caused plankton to eventually become extinct. They naturally needed a substitute...and it just so happened that elderly people could volunteer to "go home"--to go to a center where they'd be euthanized while looking at scenes from nature and listening to pleasant music. Soylent recovered the bodies and used them as the basis for the "new recipe" Soylent Green.
Most anyone can see that if the actual recipe for Soylent Green got into the hands of the public, the aftermath would probably destroy civilization as it was then known. To prevent this from happening, the Soylent Corporation's policy was to assassinate anyone outside a very tight inner circle who found out Soylent Green was made out of human bodies...including directors of Soylent.
This is how Charlton Heston gets involved in this. He's a cop who investigated the murder of the Soylent director. In this era police officers are entitled to confiscate anything they want from a murdered rich person and keep it; this director owned a bound set of the Soylent Oceanographic Survey--the manual which proved the plankton fishery had been eradicated through overexploitation. Anyone who read this book, and who knew that no farming was being conducted, couldn't help but come to the conclusion that they HAD to be making Soylent Green out of cadavers since there wasn't anything else.
Charlton Heston's roommate was given the book. He read it. He talked to his friends, who helped him confirm in his mind that Soylent Green is made from cadavers. He chose to "go home." Just before he expired, he was able to tell Charlton Heston his discovery.
Charlton hid in one of the garbage trucks that were taking the cadavers to be converted into foodstuffs. He rode to the Soylent plant, where he observed dead people going in one end and Soylent Green coming out the other. And at the very end of the film, while he was lying half-dead in his captain's arms, he screams out the famous "Soylent Green is people!" line everyone came to hear.
In the meantime, you've got three or four families living in Charlton Heston's stairwell, squalor for the common man, ultramodern luxury for the rich, food riots and the use of front-end loaders to break them up, prostitutes, a couple of murders, overcrowded homeless shelters...you know, just typical little slices of the way life will be if we don't quit electing Publicans to any office higher than dogcatcher.
Good film. I recommend it.
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