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There were almost certainly no nuclear weapons or active programs. The inspectors under Ekeus and Butler were confident that they fundamentally destroyed Hussein's nuclear program. All that remained were some plans, scientists, and scattered components. The centrifuge and plans was concealed (obviously, I think) for the purpose of reverse-engineering centrifuges at a later date. It's very, very difficult to get ahold of materials necessary to build nukes without detection. Controls are especially focused on restricting the transfer of fissile material. Iraq couldn't have produced such material indigenously -- the energy source wouldn't been detected by American spy sattelites.
Biological and chemical weapons and banned missiles are another matter. I think there's near-certainty that Iraq destroyed its weapons by the mid-1990s. However, some of its programs could have been reconstituted fairly quickly. We know that Iraq retained its plans and personnel for manufacturing biological and chemical weapons, and retained designs and molds for proscribed missiles.
I don't think that Iraq had any actual proscribed weapons. I think it is possible that Iraq had tried to reconstitute some programs, perhaps successfully, but that its efforts were significantly hindered by the embargo. I think it's safe to say that when we invaded, Iraq had nowhere near the NBC weapons capability it had in 1991.
It's also possible that Iraq wanted to try to get the sanctions lifted before resuming NBC weapons production.
But, let's take a worst-case scenario. If Iraq had an active biological and chemical weapons program, was manufacturing proscribed missiles, and had begun to reconstitute its nuclear weapons programs, then was the war justified? Of course not.
Iraq wasn't a credible military threat to any of its neighbors, let alone the United States. Iraq has only supported terrorists that target regional foes -- half the time with U.S. support. It's unlikely that Hussein would give a source of power like NBC weapons to groups over which he has only limited control -- he didn't allow his own top officers to use them when he actually had them. Saddam Hussein would have nothing to gain from supporting anti-U.S. terrorism unless he could take credit for it -- but he couldn't, because he would be annihilated. Therefore, there's really not much of a possibility that Saddam Hussein would've passed his weapons along to terrorists.
Were there alternatives to war? Yes -- peaceful and more effective. First, the number of inspectors should have been increased, and inspectors' mission should've extended indefinitely. Chemical sensors, inspectors, and monitoring equipment should've been stationed at Iraq's border crossings and ports. As noted, nuclear weapons could not have been developed indigenously. Biological and chemical weapons supplies eventually decay; if inspectors were kept there long enough, and used strategically, then Iraq would've been disarmed by default.
Also, the U.S. should've devoted resources to destroying nuclear materials in the former Soviet Union and strengthening controls on fissile materials.
The sanctions should've been lifted, except for the arms embargo, which should've been strengthened (for example, by prohibiting nuclear power, since some components of a nuclear power program could be utilized in a nuclear weapons program). International human rights observers should have been sent to Iraq.
Finally, the U.S. should've pursued (and still should pursue) a policy of global disarmament, taking the lead by destroying many of its nuclear weapons.
What has the Iraq war accomplished? Have the benefits outweighed the costs?
At least 20,000 Iraqis are dead and over 200 Americans are dead, to say nothing of those who will suffer from depleted uranium poisoning and (possibly) Gulf War syndrome. More will die. The Iraqis hate us; they (rightly) want us out. We've broken international law. We've engraged the Arab world, opening up sources of funding and recruitment for terrorists. We've encouraged the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. We have not been made safer.
What should be done now? The UN should take over administering and rebuilding Iraq. It should get things up and running and get out ASAP. The Iraqis should be given whatever kind of government they want. The Kurds should have the opportunity to vote to secede. If they do, the UN should help set up an independent Kurdistan. Lastly, the U.S. should be held fully accountable for its illegal actions.
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