out of a neo-Platonic notion that has long since been offered to the dust bins of both philosophy and history. Substitutionary theories developed in the 11the century. You are right. No original sin ,and therefore no need for substitutionary atonement.

I cannot remember the last time I was in a church that used any creed. And when it is used it is poetry. Bishop Pike, an Anglican, said he could not say the Creed but he could sing it.