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For information. http://www.catwinternational.org/index.phpSome of the citations are older, but I don't imagine things have improved much. I have a friend who keeps track of Filipino politics. If you ask her what the Philippine's major export is, she'll tell you "Labor". Unfortunately, that labor includes a significant number of sex workers. This is from an article in The Journal of Sex Research; November 2005 "The scope of human trafficking is hard to measure, but it is estimated that from 700,000 to 2 million women (United Nations , 2000), with some estimates as high as 4 million women and children, are trafficked across borders to work in the sex industry each year (Estes & Weiner, 2001; Raymond, 2001; U.S. Department of State, 2002). Estimating the numbers of WTSW is difficult since not all of those trafficked for prostitution were recruited for this occupation. Although most of the women and children are recruited for work in prostitution, sex tourism, or the mail-order-bride business (Watts & Zimmerman, 2002), many are trafficked to work in the garment industry, to join family members, or to work in domestic services; but they may find themselves pressured to provide sexual services as part of their duties (Richard, 1999). At the destination, some women are duped into sex work, and others voluntarily leave low-paying, dead-end jobs for the lure of higher-paying opportunities in prostitution" ------------------- "Even when trafficked women are identified, few request help or cooperate with humanitarian aid or welfare agencies. For example, in 2001 and 2002, a UN Mission on Special Trafficking Operations Program (STOP) conducted 720 "raids" in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where they interviewed 2,120 women and girls working in clubs. They reported that 25% (530) of interviewees were trafficked, but only 230 requested assistance from the STOP mission. However, non-government organization (NGO) experts working with the UN mission concluded that the statistics collected on these women were "woefully unreliable" (Human Rights Watch, 2002). ------------------------- A study of trafficked women conducted in five countries--Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Venezuela, and the United States--found nine factors responsible for the worldwide increase in human trafficking (Raymond, 2001):
* Under economic policies of globalization, many services that used to be state-supported, such as education, health care, and social welfare, are now being transferred to private hands, increasing the economic burden on families who must pay for these services. This is particularly true in the countries of the Former Soviet Bloc, where basic health and educational services were provided under Soviet rule, but now need to be financed out-of-pocket in free-market economies. Often, the women and children are sent abroad to earn foreign currency to pay for these essential services. For example, women we interviewed reported entering a trafficking contract to finance expensive health care for family members or their own university education, items that had once been provided by the state (Cwikel, Chudakov, Paikin, Agmon, & Belmaker, 2004).
* The sex industry is becoming more globalized, with recruitment and transport being conducted in larger and more sophisticated trafficking networks. Sex industry advertising is accomplished over the internet, offering further opportunities to provide international sex business (Hughes, 2000, 2001, 2004; Jeffreys, 2002; von Struensee, 2000).
* The male demand for sex services is a hard market to saturate, suggesting that "the way in which sex has been tolerated as a male right in a commodity culture is all part of this demand" (Raymond, 2001, p. 2; Batros, 2004; Yea, 2004).
* The social structure in most of the world is built on women's inequality and economic dependence on fathers and husbands and male relatives. This inequality has allowed an almost endless supply of women who are desperate to earn money, particularly in developing countries and emerging industrialized countries such as the former Soviet Union.
* The commodification of women's bodies as sexual objects, and therefore for sale, is common (Long, 2004).
* Child sexual abuse, in particular, puts young women in a vulnerable state that may be exploited in order to pressure women to work in prostitution (United Nations Children's Fund 2003; Widom & Kuhns, 1996).
* The stereotype that "the exotic is the erotic" has fueled the demand for foreign women to enter prostitution, further inflating the demand for trafficked women (Batros, 2004). This has been a traditional marketing angle in the sex industry, dating back to Roman times when the hetaerae, or foreign women, commanded the highest prices for sexual services. Today, there is an even broader selection of source countries for recruitment.
* War or a military conflict has fueled the demand for women to be brought to places of conflict so they can provide sexual services for troops. Where a permanent military presence is established, there are always brothels and prostitutes in the vicinity and places for the troops to rest, relax, and be entertained (Mirkinson, 1997).
* Restrictive immigration policies do not offer working opportunities with legitimate travel documents for those who want to work in non-professional jobs. (Harcourt, 2004; Raymond, 2001"
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